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1968 Polish political crisis
The Polish 1968 political crisis, also known in Poland as March 1968 or March events ((ポーランド語:Marzec 1968; wydarzenia, wypadki marcowe)) pertains to a major student and intellectual protest action against the government of the Polish People's Republic. The crisis resulted in the suppression of student strikes by security forces in all major academic centres across the country and the subsequent repression of the Polish dissident movement. It was also accompanied by a mass emigration following an antisemitic (branded "anti-Zionist") campaign waged by the minister of internal affairs, General Mieczysław Moczar, with the approval of First Secretary Władysław Gomułka of the Polish United Workers' Party. The protests coincided with the events of the Prague Spring in neighboring Czechoslovakia – raising new hopes of democratic reforms among the intelligentsia. The unrest culminated in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968.〔( ''Excel HSC modern history'' By Ronald E. Ringer. Page 384. )〕〔( ''Encyclopedia of the Cold War'', Volume 1 By Ruud van Dijk. Page 374. ) Taylor & Francis, 2008. ISBN 0-415-97515-8. 987 pages.〕
The government's anti-Jewish campaign had already begun in 1967. The policy was carried out in conjunction with the Soviet withdrawal of all diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War, but also involved a power struggle within the Polish communist party itself. The subsequent purges within the ruling party, led by Mieczysław Moczar and his faction, failed to topple Gomułka's government, but resulted in an expulsion from Poland of thousands of individuals of Jewish ancestry, including professionals, party officials and the secret police functionaries blamed for the crimes of the Stalinist period. In carefully staged public displays of support, factory workers across Poland were forced to publicly denounce Zionism.〔Dariusz Stola. "("The Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland of 1967–1968." ) The American Jewish Committee research grant. See: D. Stola, Fighting against the Shadows (reprint), in Robert Blobaum, ed.; ''Antisemitism and Its Opponents in Modern Poland''. Cornell University Press, 2005.〕〔( ''The world reacts to the Holocaust'' By David S. Wyman, Charles H. Rosenzveig. Ibidem. Pages 120-122. )〕〔Michael Costello, (The Political Fortunes of Mieczysław Moczar ), report for Radio Free Europe, 2 June 1971. Open Society Archives. Scanned original in PDF.〕 At least 13,000 Poles of Jewish origin〔Dariusz Stola, Kampania antysyjonistyczna w Polsce 1967 - 1968 (Anti-Zionist Campaign in Poland 1967–1968 ), pp. 213, 414, published by Instytut Studiów Politycznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warsaw 2000, ISBN 83-86759-91-7〕 emigrated in 1968–72 as a result of being fired from their positions and various other forms of harassment.〔Andrzej Leon Sowa, Historia polityczna Polski 1944–1991 (Political History of Poland 1944–1991 ), pp. 346–347, Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 2011, ISBN 978-83-08-04769-9 (''Book review at Historia.org.pl.'' )〕〔
==Background==
Political turmoil of the late 1960s – exemplified in the West by the increasingly violent protests against the Vietnam War – were reflected in the East by the events of the Prague Spring which began on 5 January 1968.〔〔 A growing wave of protests in Czechoslovakia marked the highpoint of a broader series of dissident social mobilization. The protests within the framework of Comecon had a partial precedent in the Polish 1956 worker protests and the Polish October events. Numerous instances of protest and revolt, especially among students, reverberated across the continent in 1968.〔( A lull and subsequent revitalization in the late 1960s ) ''Comecon''. Anadolu Universitesi.〕
A growing crisis of communist party control over universities, the literary community, and intellectuals more generally, marked the mid-1960s. In Poland, those persecuted for political activism on campus included Jacek Kuroń, Adam Michnik, Karol Modzelewski, Barbara Toruńczyk, and numerous others.〔Barbara Toruńczyk, ( Opowieści o pokoleniu 1968. ) ''Dwutygodnik'' No. 09/2009.〕
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